NA和R中的<NA>有什么区别？

缺失值用NA表示，但是如果我们将其读取为“ NA”，则它将成为因子变量的级别。如果我们认为向量是数字向量，并且在该向量中有“ NA”，那么它将不是数字向量。另一方面，如果我们有一个带有NA的向量，那么它将是一个数值向量。

例子

x1<-c("A","B","NA","D",NA,"F")
x1
[1] "A" "B" "NA" "D" NA "F"
x1<-factor(c("A","B","NA","D",NA,"F"))
x1
[1] A B NA D <NA> F
Levels: A B D F NA
x2<-factor(c("A","B","D",NA,"F"))
x2
[1] A B D <NA> F
Levels: A B D F
x3<-factor(c("Sweet","Bitter","Salty",NA))
x3
[1] Sweet Bitter Salty <NA>
Levels: Bitter Salty Sweet
x4<-factor(c("Sweet","Bitter","Salty","NA"))
x4
[1] Sweet Bitter Salty NA
Levels: Bitter NA Salty Sweet
x5<-factor(c("Sweet","Bitter","Salty","NA",NA))
x5
[1] Sweet Bitter Salty NA <NA>
Levels: Bitter NA Salty Sweet
x6<-factor(c("India","China",NA,"USA","UK"))
x6
[1] India China <NA> USA UK
Levels: China India UK USA
x7<-factor(c("India","China",NA,"USA","UK","NA"))
x7
[1] India China <NA> USA UK NA
Levels: China India NA UK USA
x8<-factor(c("Level1","Level2","Level3","Level4","NA","Level6","Level7"))
x8
[1] Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 NA Level6 Level7
Levels: Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level6 Level7 NA
x9<-factor(c("Level1","Level2","Level3","Level4","NA","Level6","Level7",NA))
x9
[1] Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 NA Level6 Level7 <NA>
Levels: Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level6 Level7 NA
x10<-factor(c("Level1","Level2","Level3","Level4","Level6","Level7",NA))
x10
[1] Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level6 Level7 <NA>
Levels: Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level6 Level7
x11<-c(1,2,3,4,"NA")
x11
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "NA"
is.numeric(x11)
[1] FALSE
x12<-c(1,2,3,4,NA)
x12
[1] 1 2 3 4 NA
is.numeric(x12)
[1] TRUE