本文基于jdk1.8进行分析。
ReentrantLock是一个可重入锁，在ConcurrentHashMap中使用了ReentrantLock。
首先看一下源码中对ReentrantLock的介绍。如下图。ReentrantLock是一个可重入的排他锁，它和synchronized的方法和代码有着相同的行为和语义，但有更多的功能。ReentrantLock是被最后一个成功lock锁并且还没有unlock的线程拥有着。如果锁没有被别的线程拥有，那么一个线程调用lock方法，就会成功获取锁并返回。如果当前线程已经拥有该锁，那么lock方法会立刻返回。这个可以通过isHeldByCurrentThread方法和getHoldCount方法进行验证。除了这部分介绍外，类前面的javadoc文档很长，就不在这里全部展开。随着后面介绍源码，会一一涉及到。
/**
* A reentrant mutual exclusion {@link Lock} with the same basic
* behavior and semantics as the implicit monitor lock accessed using
* {@code synchronized} methods and statements, but with extended
* capabilities.
* <p>A {@code ReentrantLock} is <em>owned</em> by the thread last
* successfully locking, but not yet unlocking it. A thread invoking
* {@code lock} will return, successfully acquiring the lock, when
* the lock is not owned by another thread. The method will return
* immediately if the current thread already owns the lock. This can
* be checked using methods {@link #isHeldByCurrentThread}, and {@link
* #getHoldCount}.
首先看一下成员变量，如下图。ReentrantLock只有一个成员变量sync，即同步器，这个同步器提供所有的机制。Sync是AbstractQueuedSynchronizer的子类，同时，Sync有2个子类，NonfairSync和FairSync，分别是非公平锁和公平锁。Sync，NonfaireSync和FairSync的具体实现后面再讲。
/** Synchronizer providing all implementation mechanics **/ private final Sync sync;
下面看一下构造函数。如下图。可以看到，ReentrantLock默认是非公平锁，它可以通过参数，指定初始化为公平锁或非公平锁。
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
**/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
* given fairness policy.
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
**/
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}
下面看一下ReentrantLock的主要方法。首先是lock方法。如下图。lock方法的实现很简单，就是调用Sync的lock方法。而Sync的lock方法是个抽象的，具体实现在NonfairSync和FairSync中。这里我们先不展开讲，而是先读一下lock方法的注释，看看它的作用。lock方法的作用是获取该锁。分为3种情况。
1，如果锁没有被别的线程占有，那么当前线程就可以获取到锁并立刻返回，并把锁计数设置为1。
2，如果当前线程已经占有该锁了，那么就会把锁计数加1，立刻返回。
3，如果锁被另一个线程占有了，那么当前线程就无法再被线程调度，并且开始睡眠，直到获取到锁，在获取到到锁时，会把锁计数设置为1。
lockInterruptibly方法与lock功能类似，但lockInterruptibly方法在等待的过程中，可以响应中断。
/**
* Acquires the lock.
* <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and returns
* immediately, setting the lock hold count to one.
* <p>If the current thread already holds the lock then the hold
* count is incremented by one and the method returns immediately.
* <p>If the lock is held by another thread then the
* current thread becomes disabled for thread scheduling
* purposes and lies dormant until the lock has been acquired,
* at which time the lock hold count is set to one.
**/
public void lock() {
sync.lock();
}
public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
}
下面，详细看一下非公平锁和公平锁中对lock函数的实现。如下图。下图同时列出了公平锁和非公平锁中lock的实现逻辑。从注释和代码逻辑中，都可以看出，非公平锁进行lock时，先尝试立刻闯入（抢占），如果成功，则获取到锁，如果失败，再执行通常的获取锁的行为，即acquire(1)。
/**
* 非公平锁中的lock
* Performs lock. Try immediate barge, backing up to normal
* acquire on failure.
**/
final void lock() {
if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
else
acquire(1);
}
//公平锁中的lock
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
那么，我们首先了解下，非公平锁“尝试立刻闯入”，究竟做了什么。稍后再继续讲解通常的获取锁的行为。下图是立即闯入行为compareAndSetState(0, 1)的实现。从compareAndSetState函数的注释中，可以知道，如果同步状态值与期望值相等，那么就把它的值设置为updated值。否则同步状态值与期望值不相等，则返回false。这个操作和volatile有着相同的内存语义，也就是说，这个操作对其他线程是可见的。compareAndSetState函数注释里描述的功能，是通过unsafe.compareAndSwapInt方法实现的，而unsafe.compareAndSwapInt是一个native方法，是用c++实现的。那么继续追问，c++底层是怎么实现的？C++底层是通过CAS指令来实现的。什么是CAS指令呢？来自维基百科的解释是，CAS，比较和交换，Compare and Swap，是用用于实现多线程原子同步的指令。它将内存位置的内容和给定值比较，只有在相同的情况下，将该内存的值设置为新的给定值。这个操作是原子操作。那么继续追问，CAS指令的原子性，是如何实现的呢？我们都知道指令时CPU来执行的，在多CPU系统中，内存是共享的，内存和多个cpu都挂在总线上，当一个CPU执行CAS指令时，它会先将总线LOCK位点设置为高电平。如果别的CPU也要执行CAS执行，它会发现总线LOCK位点已经是高电平了，则无法执行CAS执行。CPU通过LOCK保证了指令的原子执行。
现在来看一下非公平锁的lock行为，compareAndSetState(0, 1)，它期望锁状态为0，即没有别的线程占用，并把新状态设置为1，即标记为占用状态。如果成功，则非公平锁成功抢到锁，之后setExclusiveOwnerThread，把自己设置为排他线程。非公平锁这小子太坏了。如果抢占失败，则执行与公平锁相同的操作。
/**
* Atomically sets synchronization state to the given updated
* value if the current state value equals the expected value.
* This operation has memory semantics of a {@code volatile} read
* and write.
* @param expect the expected value
* @param update the new value
* @return {@code true} if successful. False return indicates that the actual
* value was not equal to the expected value.
**/
protected final boolean compareAndSetState(int expect, int update) {
// See below for intrinsics setup to support this
return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, expect, update);
}
public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object var1, long var2, int var4, int var5);
下面看一下公平锁获取锁时的行为。如下图。这部分的逻辑有些多，请阅读代码中的注释进行理解。
/**
* 公平锁的lock
**/
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
/**
* Acquires in exclusive mode, ignoring interrupts. Implemented
* by invoking at least once {@link #tryAcquire},
* returning on success. Otherwise the thread is queued, possibly
* repeatedly blocking and unblocking, invoking {@link
* #tryAcquire} until success. This method can be used
* to implement method {@link Lock#lock}.
* @param arg the acquire argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryAcquire} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
**/
public final void acquire(int arg) {
/**
* acquire首先进行tryAcquire()操作。如果tryAcquire()成功时则获取到锁，即刻返回。
* 如果tryAcquire()false时，会执行acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)
* 操作。如果acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)true时，则当前线程中断自己。
* 如果acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg)false，则返回。
* 其中tryAcquire()操作在NonfairSync中和FairSync中实现又有所区别。
**/
if (!tryAcquire(arg) &&
acquireQueued(addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE), arg))
selfInterrupt();
}
/**
* NonfairSync中的tryAcquire。
* @param acquires
* @return
**/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
/**
* Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is implemented in
* subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
**/
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
//首先获取当前同步状态值
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
//c为0，表示目前没有线程占用锁。没有线程占用锁时，当前线程尝试抢锁，如果抢锁成功，则返回true。
if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
//c不等于0时表示锁被线程占用。如果是当前线程占用了，则将锁计数加上acquires，并返回true。
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
//以上情况都不是时，返回false，表示非公平抢锁失败。
return false;
}
/**
* Fair version of tryAcquire. Don't grant access unless
* recursive call or no waiters or is first.
* 这个是公平版本的tryAcquire
**/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
if (c == 0) {
//c=0时表示锁未被占用。这里是先判断队列中前面是否有别的线程。没有别的线程时，才进行CAS操作。
//公平锁之所以公平，正是因为这里。它发现锁未被占用时，首先判断等待队列中是否有别的线程已经在等待了。
//而非公平锁，发现锁未被占用时，根本不管队列中的排队情况，上来就抢。
if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Acquires in exclusive uninterruptible mode for thread already in
* queue. Used by condition wait methods as well as acquire.
* 当抢锁失败时，先执行addWaiter(Node.EXCLUSIVE)，将当前线程加入等待队列，再执行该方法。
* 该方法的作用是中断当前线程，并进行检查，知道当前线程是队列中的第一个线程，并且抢锁成功时，
* 该方法返回。
* @param node the node
* @param arg the acquire argument
* @return {@code true} if interrupted while waiting
**/
final boolean acquireQueued(final Node node, int arg) {
boolean failed = true;
try {
boolean interrupted = false;
for (;;) {
final Node p = node.predecessor();
if (p == head && tryAcquire(arg)) {
setHead(node);
p.next = null; // help GC
failed = false;
return interrupted;
}
if (shouldParkAfterFailedAcquire(p, node) &&
parkAndCheckInterrupt())
interrupted = true;
}
} finally {
if (failed)
cancelAcquire(node);
}
}
接下来是tryLock方法。代码如下。从注释中我们可以理解到，只有当调用tryLock时锁没有被别的线程占用，tryLock才会获取锁。如果锁没有被另一个线程占用，那么就获取锁，并立刻返回true，并把锁计数设置为1. 甚至在锁被设置为公平排序的情况下，若果锁可用，调用tryLock会立刻获取锁，而不管有没有别的线程在等待锁了。从这里我们总结出，不管可重入锁是公平锁还是非公平锁，tryLock方法只会是非公平的。
/**
* Acquires the lock only if it is not held by another thread at the time
* of invocation.
* <p>Acquires the lock if it is not held by another thread and
* returns immediately with the value {@code true}, setting the
* lock hold count to one. Even when this lock has been set to use a
* fair ordering policy, a call to {@code tryLock()} <em>will</em>
* immediately acquire the lock if it is available, whether or not
* other threads are currently waiting for the lock.
* This "barging" behavior can be useful in certain
* circumstances, even though it breaks fairness. If you want to honor
* the fairness setting for this lock, then use
* {@link #tryLock(long, TimeUnit) tryLock(0, TimeUnit.SECONDS) }
* which is almost equivalent (it also detects interruption).
* <p>If the current thread already holds this lock then the hold
* count is incremented by one and the method returns {@code true}.
* <p>If the lock is held by another thread then this method will return
* immediately with the value {@code false}.
* @return {@code true} if the lock was free and was acquired by the
* current thread, or the lock was already held by the current
* thread; and {@code false} otherwise
**/
public boolean tryLock() {
return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
}
public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
}
接下来是释放锁的方法unlock。代码如下。unlock方式的实现，是以参数1来调用sync.release方法。而release方法是如何实现的呢？release方法首先会调用tryRelease方法，如果tryRelease成功，则唤醒后继者线程。而tryRelease的实现过程十分清晰，首先获取锁状态，锁状态减去参数（放锁次数），得到新状态。然后判断持有锁的线程是否为当前线程，如果不是当前线程，则抛出IllegalMonitorStateException。然后判断，如果新状态为0，说明放锁成功，则把持有锁的线程设置为null，并返回true。如果新状态不为0，则返回false。从tryRelease的返回值来看，它返回的true或false，指的是否成功的释放了该锁。成功的释放该锁的意思是彻底释放锁，别的线程就可以获取锁了。这里要认识到，即便tryRelease返回false，它也只是说明了锁没有完全释放，本次调用的这个释放次数值，依然是释放成功的。
/**
* Attempts to release this lock.
* <p>If the current thread is the holder of this lock then the hold
* count is decremented. If the hold count is now zero then the lock
* is released. If the current thread is not the holder of this
* lock then {@link IllegalMonitorStateException} is thrown.
* @throws IllegalMonitorStateException if the current thread does not
* hold this lock
**/
public void unlock() {
sync.release(1);
}
/**
* Releases in exclusive mode. Implemented by unblocking one or
* more threads if {@link #tryRelease} returns true.
* This method can be used to implement method {@link Lock#unlock}.
* @param arg the release argument. This value is conveyed to
* {@link #tryRelease} but is otherwise uninterpreted and
* can represent anything you like.
* @return the value returned from {@link #tryRelease}
**/
public final boolean release(int arg) {
if (tryRelease(arg)) {
Node h = head;
if (h != null && h.waitStatus != 0)
unparkSuccessor(h);
return true;
}
return false;
}
protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
int c = getState() - releases;
if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
boolean free = false;
if (c == 0) {
free = true;
setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
}
setState(c);
return free;
}
/**
* Wakes up node's successor, if one exists.
* @param node the node
**/
private void unparkSuccessor(Node node) {
/**
* If status is negative (i.e., possibly needing signal) try
* to clear in anticipation of signalling. It is OK if this
* fails or if status is changed by waiting thread.
**/
int ws = node.waitStatus;
if (ws < 0)
compareAndSetWaitStatus(node, ws, 0);
/**
* Thread to unpark is held in successor, which is normally
* just the next node. But if cancelled or apparently null,
* traverse backwards from tail to find the actual
* non-cancelled successor.
**/
Node s = node.next;
if (s == null || s.waitStatus > 0) {
s = null;
for (Node t = tail; t != null && t != node; t = t.prev)
if (t.waitStatus <= 0)
s = t;
}
if (s != null)
LockSupport.unpark(s.thread);
}
接下来是newCondition方法。关于Condition这里不展开介绍，只是了解下该方法的作用。如下图。该方法返回一个和这个锁实例一起使用的Condition实例。返回的Condition实例支持和Object的监控方法例如wait-notify和notifyAll相同的用法。
/**
* Returns a {@link Condition} instance for use with this
* {@link Lock} instance.
* <p>The returned {@link Condition} instance supports the same
* usages as do the {@link Object} monitor methods ({@link
* Object#wait() wait}, {@link Object#notify notify}, and {@link
* Object#notifyAll notifyAll}) when used with the built-in
* monitor lock.
* <ul>
* <li>If this lock is not held when any of the {@link Condition}
* {@linkplain Condition#await() waiting} or {@linkplain
* Condition#signal signalling} methods are called, then an {@link
* IllegalMonitorStateException} is thrown.
* <li>When the condition {@linkplain Condition#await() waiting}
* methods are called the lock is released and, before they
* return, the lock is reacquired and the lock hold count restored
* to what it was when the method was called.
* <li>If a thread is {@linkplain Thread#interrupt interrupted}
* while waiting then the wait will terminate, an {@link
* InterruptedException} will be thrown, and the thread's
* interrupted status will be cleared.
* <li> Waiting threads are signalled in FIFO order.
* <li>The ordering of lock reacquisition for threads returning
* from waiting methods is the same as for threads initially
* acquiring the lock, which is in the default case not specified,
* but for <em>fair</em> locks favors those threads that have been
* waiting the longest.
* </ul>
* @return the Condition object
**/
public Condition newCondition() {
return sync.newCondition();
}
可重入锁还有一些其他的方法，这里就不一一介绍了。This is the end.
总结
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