1、Redis中key的的过期时间
通过EXPIRE key seconds命令来设置数据的过期时间。返回1表明设置成功，返回0表明key不存在或者不能成功设置过期时间。在key上设置了过期时间后key将在指定的秒数后被自动删除。被指定了过期时间的key在Redis中被称为是不稳定的。
当key被DEL命令删除或者被SET、GETSET命令重置后与之关联的过期时间会被清除
127.0.0.1:6379> setex s 20 1 OK 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 17 127.0.0.1:6379> setex s 200 1 OK 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 195 127.0.0.1:6379> setrange s 3 100 (integer) 6 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 152 127.0.0.1:6379> get s "1\x00\x00100" 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 108 127.0.0.1:6379> getset s 200 "1\x00\x00100" 127.0.0.1:6379> get s "200" 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) -1
使用PERSIST可以清除过期时间
127.0.0.1:6379> setex s 100 test OK 127.0.0.1:6379> get s "test" 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 94 127.0.0.1:6379> type s string 127.0.0.1:6379> strlen s (integer) 4 127.0.0.1:6379> persist s (integer) 1 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) -1 127.0.0.1:6379> get s "test"
使用rename只是改了key值
127.0.0.1:6379> expire s 200 (integer) 1 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl s (integer) 198 127.0.0.1:6379> rename s ss OK 127.0.0.1:6379> ttl ss (integer) 187 127.0.0.1:6379> type ss string 127.0.0.1:6379> get ss "test"
说明：Redis2.6以后expire精度可以控制在0到1毫秒内，key的过期信息以绝对Unix时间戳的形式存储（Redis2.6之后以毫秒级别的精度存储），所以在多服务器同步的时候，一定要同步各个服务器的时间
2、Redis过期键删除策略
Redis key过期的方式有三种：
被动删除
只有key被操作时(如GET)，REDIS才会被动检查该key是否过期，如果过期则删除之并且返回NIL。
1、这种删除策略对CPU是友好的，删除操作只有在不得不的情况下才会进行，不会其他的expire key上浪费无谓的CPU时间。
2、但是这种策略对内存不友好，一个key已经过期，但是在它被操作之前不会被删除，仍然占据内存空间。如果有大量的过期键存在但是又很少被访问到，那会造成大量的内存空间浪费。expireIfNeeded(redisDb *db, robj *key)函数位于src/db.c。
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Expires API
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
int removeExpire(redisDb *db, robj *key) {
/* An expire may only be removed if there is a corresponding entry in the
* main dict. Otherwise, the key will never be freed. */
redisAssertWithInfo(NULL,key,dictFind(db->dict,key->ptr) != NULL);
return dictDelete(db->expires,key->ptr) == DICT_OK;
}
void setExpire(redisDb *db, robj *key, long long when) {
dictEntry *kde, *de;
/* Reuse the sds from the main dict in the expire dict */
kde = dictFind(db->dict,key->ptr);
redisAssertWithInfo(NULL,key,kde != NULL);
de = dictReplaceRaw(db->expires,dictGetKey(kde));
dictSetSignedIntegerVal(de,when);
}
/* Return the expire time of the specified key, or -1 if no expire
* is associated with this key (i.e. the key is non volatile) */
long long getExpire(redisDb *db, robj *key) {
dictEntry *de;
/* No expire? return ASAP */
if (dictSize(db->expires) == 0 ||
(de = dictFind(db->expires,key->ptr)) == NULL) return -1;
/* The entry was found in the expire dict, this means it should also
* be present in the main dict (safety check). */
redisAssertWithInfo(NULL,key,dictFind(db->dict,key->ptr) != NULL);
return dictGetSignedIntegerVal(de);
}
/* Propagate expires into slaves and the AOF file.
* When a key expires in the master, a DEL operation for this key is sent
* to all the slaves and the AOF file if enabled.
*
* This way the key expiry is centralized in one place, and since both
* AOF and the master->slave link guarantee operation ordering, everything
* will be consistent even if we allow write operations against expiring
* keys. */
void propagateExpire(redisDb *db, robj *key) {
robj *argv[2];
argv[0] = shared.del;
argv[1] = key;
incrRefCount(argv[0]);
incrRefCount(argv[1]);
if (server.aof_state != REDIS_AOF_OFF)
feedAppendOnlyFile(server.delCommand,db->id,argv,2);
replicationFeedSlaves(server.slaves,db->id,argv,2);
decrRefCount(argv[0]);
decrRefCount(argv[1]);
}
int expireIfNeeded(redisDb *db, robj *key) {
mstime_t when = getExpire(db,key);
mstime_t now;
if (when < 0) return 0; /* No expire for this key */ /* Don't expire anything while loading. It will be done later. */ if (server.loading) return 0; /* If we are in the context of a Lua script, we claim that time is * blocked to when the Lua script started. This way a key can expire * only the first time it is accessed and not in the middle of the * script execution, making propagation to slaves / AOF consistent. * See issue #1525 on Github for more information. */ now = server.lua_caller ? server.lua_time_start : mstime(); /* If we are running in the context of a slave, return ASAP: * the slave key expiration is controlled by the master that will * send us synthesized DEL operations for expired keys. * * Still we try to return the right information to the caller, * that is, 0 if we think the key should be still valid, 1 if * we think the key is expired at this time. */ if (server.masterhost != NULL) return now > when;
/* Return when this key has not expired */
if (now <= when) return 0; /* Delete the key */ server.stat_expiredkeys++; propagateExpire(db,key); notifyKeyspaceEvent(REDIS_NOTIFY_EXPIRED, "expired",key,db->id);
return dbDelete(db,key);
}
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Expires Commands
*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* This is the generic command implementation for EXPIRE, PEXPIRE, EXPIREAT
* and PEXPIREAT. Because the commad second argument may be relative or absolute
* the "basetime" argument is used to signal what the base time is (either 0
* for *AT variants of the command, or the current time for relative expires).
*
* unit is either UNIT_SECONDS or UNIT_MILLISECONDS, and is only used for
* the argv[2] parameter. The basetime is always specified in milliseconds. */
void expireGenericCommand(redisClient *c, long long basetime, int unit) {
robj *key = c->argv[1], *param = c->argv[2];
long long when; /* unix time in milliseconds when the key will expire. */
if (getLongLongFromObjectOrReply(c, param, &when, NULL) != REDIS_OK)
return;
if (unit == UNIT_SECONDS) when *= 1000;
when += basetime;
/* No key, return zero. */
if (lookupKeyRead(c->db,key) == NULL) {
addReply(c,shared.czero);
return;
}
/* EXPIRE with negative TTL, or EXPIREAT with a timestamp into the past
* should never be executed as a DEL when load the AOF or in the context
* of a slave instance.
*
* Instead we take the other branch of the IF statement setting an expire
* (possibly in the past) and wait for an explicit DEL from the master. */
if (when <= mstime() && !server.loading && !server.masterhost) { robj *aux; redisAssertWithInfo(c,key,dbDelete(c->db,key));
server.dirty++;
/* Replicate/AOF this as an explicit DEL. */
aux = createStringObject("DEL",3);
rewriteClientCommandVector(c,2,aux,key);
decrRefCount(aux);
signalModifiedKey(c->db,key);
notifyKeyspaceEvent(REDIS_NOTIFY_GENERIC,"del",key,c->db->id);
addReply(c, shared.cone);
return;
} else {
setExpire(c->db,key,when);
addReply(c,shared.cone);
signalModifiedKey(c->db,key);
notifyKeyspaceEvent(REDIS_NOTIFY_GENERIC,"expire",key,c->db->id);
server.dirty++;
return;
}
}
void expireCommand(redisClient *c) {
expireGenericCommand(c,mstime(),UNIT_SECONDS);
}
void expireatCommand(redisClient *c) {
expireGenericCommand(c,0,UNIT_SECONDS);
}
void pexpireCommand(redisClient *c) {
expireGenericCommand(c,mstime(),UNIT_MILLISECONDS);
}
void pexpireatCommand(redisClient *c) {
expireGenericCommand(c,0,UNIT_MILLISECONDS);
}
void ttlGenericCommand(redisClient *c, int output_ms) {
long long expire, ttl = -1;
/* If the key does not exist at all, return -2 */
if (lookupKeyRead(c->db,c->argv[1]) == NULL) {
addReplyLongLong(c,-2);
return;
}
/* The key exists. Return -1 if it has no expire, or the actual
* TTL value otherwise. */
expire = getExpire(c->db,c->argv[1]);
if (expire != -1) {
ttl = expire-mstime();
if (ttl < 0) ttl = 0; } if (ttl == -1) { addReplyLongLong(c,-1); } else { addReplyLongLong(c,output_ms ? ttl : ((ttl+500)/1000)); } } void ttlCommand(redisClient *c) { ttlGenericCommand(c, 0); } void pttlCommand(redisClient *c) { ttlGenericCommand(c, 1); } void persistCommand(redisClient *c) { dictEntry *de; de = dictFind(c->db->dict,c->argv[1]->ptr);
if (de == NULL) {
addReply(c,shared.czero);
} else {
if (removeExpire(c->db,c->argv[1])) {
addReply(c,shared.cone);
server.dirty++;
} else {
addReply(c,shared.czero);
}
}
}
但仅是这样是不够的，因为可能存在一些key永远不会被再次访问到，这些设置了过期时间的key也是需要在过期后被删除的，我们甚至可以将这种情况看作是一种内存泄露----无用的垃圾数据占用了大量的内存，而服务器却不会自己去释放它们，这对于运行状态非常依赖于内存的Redis服务器来说，肯定不是一个好消息
主动删除
先说一下时间事件，对于持续运行的服务器来说， 服务器需要定期对自身的资源和状态进行必要的检查和整理， 从而让服务器维持在一个健康稳定的状态， 这类操作被统称为常规操作（cron job）
在 Redis 中， 常规操作由 redis.c/serverCron 实现， 它主要执行以下操作
Redis 将 serverCron 作为时间事件来运行， 从而确保它每隔一段时间就会自动运行一次， 又因为 serverCron 需要在 Redis 服务器运行期间一直定期运行， 所以它是一个循环时间事件： serverCron 会一直定期执行，直到服务器关闭为止。
在 Redis 2.6 版本中， 程序规定 serverCron 每秒运行 10 次， 平均每 100 毫秒运行一次。 从 Redis 2.8 开始， 用户可以通过修改 hz选项来调整 serverCron 的每秒执行次数， 具体信息请参考 redis.conf 文件中关于 hz 选项的说明
也叫定时删除，这里的“定期”指的是Redis定期触发的清理策略，由位于src/redis.c的activeExpireCycle(void)函数来完成。
serverCron是由redis的事件框架驱动的定位任务，这个定时任务中会调用activeExpireCycle函数，针对每个db在限制的时间REDIS_EXPIRELOOKUPS_TIME_LIMIT内迟可能多的删除过期key，之所以要限制时间是为了防止过长时间 的阻塞影响redis的正常运行。这种主动删除策略弥补了被动删除策略在内存上的不友好。
因此，Redis会周期性的随机测试一批设置了过期时间的key并进行处理。测试到的已过期的key将被删除。
典型的方式为,Redis每秒做10次如下的步骤：
这是一个基于概率的简单算法，基本的假设是抽出的样本能够代表整个key空间，redis持续清理过期的数据直至将要过期的key的百分比降到了25%以下。这也意味着在任何给定的时刻已经过期但仍占据着内存空间的key的量最多为每秒的写操作量除以4.
Redis-3.0.0中的默认值是10，代表每秒钟调用10次后台任务。
除了主动淘汰的频率外，Redis对每次淘汰任务执行的最大时长也有一个限定，这样保证了每次主动淘汰不会过多阻塞应用请求，以下是这个限定计算公式：
#define ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_SLOW_TIME_PERC 25 /* CPU max % for keys collection */ ... timelimit = 1000000*ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_SLOW_TIME_PERC/server.hz/100;
hz调大将会提高Redis主动淘汰的频率，如果你的Redis存储中包含很多冷数据占用内存过大的话，可以考虑将这个值调大，但Redis作者建议这个值不要超过100。我们实际线上将这个值调大到100，观察到CPU会增加2%左右，但对冷数据的内存释放速度确实有明显的提高（通过观察keyspace个数和used_memory大小）。
可以看出timelimit和server.hz是一个倒数的关系，也就是说hz配置越大，timelimit就越小。换句话说是每秒钟期望的主动淘汰频率越高，则每次淘汰最长占用时间就越短。这里每秒钟的最长淘汰占用时间是固定的250ms（1000000*ACTIVE_EXPIRE_CYCLE_SLOW_TIME_PERC/100），而淘汰频率和每次淘汰的最长时间是通过hz参数控制的。
从以上的分析看，当redis中的过期key比率没有超过25%之前，提高hz可以明显提高扫描key的最小个数。假设hz为10，则一秒内最少扫描200个key（一秒调用10次*每次最少随机取出20个key），如果hz改为100，则一秒内最少扫描2000个key；另一方面，如果过期key比率超过25%，则扫描key的个数无上限，但是cpu时间每秒钟最多占用250ms。
当REDIS运行在主从模式时，只有主结点才会执行上述这两种过期删除策略，然后把删除操作”del key”同步到从结点。
maxmemory
当前已用内存超过maxmemory限定时，触发主动清理策略
当mem_used内存已经超过maxmemory的设定，对于所有的读写请求，都会触发redis.c/freeMemoryIfNeeded(void)函数以清理超出的内存。注意这个清理过程是阻塞的，直到清理出足够的内存空间。所以如果在达到maxmemory并且调用方还在不断写入的情况下，可能会反复触发主动清理策略，导致请求会有一定的延迟。
清理时会根据用户配置的maxmemory-policy来做适当的清理（一般是LRU或TTL），这里的LRU或TTL策略并不是针对redis的所有key，而是以配置文件中的maxmemory-samples个key作为样本池进行抽样清理。
maxmemory-samples在redis-3.0.0中的默认配置为5，如果增加，会提高LRU或TTL的精准度，redis作者测试的结果是当这个配置为10时已经非常接近全量LRU的精准度了，并且增加maxmemory-samples会导致在主动清理时消耗更多的CPU时间，建议：
以下是上文中提到的配置参数的说明
# Redis calls an internal function to perform many background tasks, like # closing connections of clients in timeout, purging expired keys that are # never requested, and so forth. # # Not all tasks are performed with the same frequency, but Redis checks for # tasks to perform according to the specified "hz" value. # # By default "hz" is set to 10. Raising the value will use more CPU when # Redis is idle, but at the same time will make Redis more responsive when # there are many keys expiring at the same time, and timeouts may be # handled with more precision. # # The range is between 1 and 500, however a value over 100 is usually not # a good idea. Most users should use the default of 10 and raise this up to # 100 only in environments where very low latency is required. hz 10 # MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory # is reached. You can select among five behaviors: # # volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm # allkeys-lru -> remove any key according to the LRU algorithm # volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set # allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key # volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL) # noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations # # Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write # operations, when there are no suitable keys for eviction. # # At the date of writing these commands are: set setnx setex append # incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd # sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby # zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby # getset mset msetnx exec sort # # The default is: # maxmemory-policy noeviction # LRU and minimal TTL algorithms are not precise algorithms but approximated # algorithms (in order to save memory), so you can tune it for speed or # accuracy. For default Redis will check five keys and pick the one that was # used less recently, you can change the sample size using the following # configuration directive. # # The default of 5 produces good enough results. 10 Approximates very closely # true LRU but costs a bit more CPU. 3 is very fast but not very accurate. # maxmemory-samples 5
Replication link和AOF文件中的过期处理
为了获得正确的行为而不至于导致一致性问题，当一个key过期时DEL操作将被记录在AOF文件并传递到所有相关的slave。也即过期删除操作统一在master实例中进行并向下传递，而不是各salve各自掌控。这样一来便不会出现数据不一致的情形。当slave连接到master后并不能立即清理已过期的key（需要等待由master传递过来的DEL操作），slave仍需对数据集中的过期状态进行管理维护以便于在slave被提升为master会能像master一样独立的进行过期处理。
总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了，希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助，如果有疑问大家可以留言交流。
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