D3.js实现散点图和气泡图的方法详解

前言

小编之前已经跟大家分享过了《D3.js实现柱状图的方法详解》和《D3.js实现折线图的方法详解》这两篇文章,已经介绍过柱状图和折线图了。下面就来说说和这两种非常相似的图表——散点图和气泡图。有需要的朋友们可以参考学习。

散点图和气泡图的实现

还是和之前一样,我们先把简单的画图框架搭起来,添加SVG画布:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
 <head>
 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <title>散点图和气泡图</title>
 <style>
  .container {
  margin: 30px auto;
  width: 600px;
  height: 300px;
  border: 1px solid #000;
  }
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <div class="container">
  <svg width="100%" height="100%"></svg>
 </div>
 <script src="d3/d3.js"></script>
 <script>
  window.onload = function() {
  var width = 600, height = 300;
  // SVG画布边缘与图表内容的距离
  var padding = { top: 50, right: 50, bottom: 50, left: 50 };
  // 创建一个分组用来组合要画的图表元素
  var main = d3.select('.container svg').append('g')
   // 给这个分组加上main类
   .classed('main')
   // 设置该分组的transform属性
   .attr('transform', "translate(" + padding.top + ',' + padding.left + ')');
  };
 </script>
 </body>
</html> 

散点图和气泡图虽然在展现意义上是不同的,但从技术实现的角度来讲,它们还是很类似的,都是由坐标轴和一个个的圆所组成的。

散点图

坐标轴的实现

为了实现真实的效果,散点图和气泡图我们使用不同的模拟数据。与折线图同理,散点图的各点的坐标的关系在坐标轴上的关系是连续的,所以它的x轴和y轴都使用线性比例尺(线性比例尺和序数比例尺的区别参见《D3.js实现柱状图的方法详解》)。

// 模拟数据
var dataset = [[161.2, 51.6], [167.5, 59.0], [159.5, 49.2], [157.0, 63.0], [155.8, 53.6],
  [170.0, 59.0], [159.1, 47.6], [166.0, 69.8], [176.2, 66.8], [160.2, 75.2],
  [172.5, 55.2], [170.9, 54.2], [172.9, 62.5], [153.4, 42.0], [160.0, 50.0],
  [147.2, 49.8], [168.2, 49.2], [175.0, 73.2], [157.0, 47.8], [167.6, 68.8],
  [159.5, 50.6], [175.0, 82.5], [166.8, 57.2], [176.5, 87.8], [170.2, 72.8],
  [174.0, 54.5], [173.0, 59.8], [179.9, 67.3], [170.5, 67.8], [160.0, 47.0],
  [154.4, 46.2], [162.0, 55.0], [176.5, 83.0], [160.0, 54.4], [152.0, 45.8],
  [162.1, 53.6], [170.0, 73.2], [160.2, 52.1], [161.3, 67.9], [166.4, 56.6],
  [168.9, 62.3], [163.8, 58.5], [167.6, 54.5], [160.0, 50.2], [161.3, 60.3],
  [167.6, 58.3], [165.1, 56.2], [160.0, 50.2], [170.0, 72.9], [157.5, 59.8],
  [167.6, 61.0], [160.7, 69.1], [163.2, 55.9], [152.4, 46.5], [157.5, 54.3],
  [168.3, 54.8], [180.3, 60.7], [165.5, 60.0], [165.0, 62.0], [164.5, 60.3],
  [156.0, 52.7], [160.0, 74.3], [163.0, 62.0], [165.7, 73.1], [161.0, 80.0],
  [162.0, 54.7], [166.0, 53.2], [174.0, 75.7], [172.7, 61.1], [167.6, 55.7],
  [151.1, 48.7], [164.5, 52.3], [163.5, 50.0], [152.0, 59.3], [169.0, 62.5],
  [164.0, 55.7], [161.2, 54.8], [155.0, 45.9], [170.0, 70.6], [176.2, 67.2],
  [170.0, 69.4], [162.5, 58.2], [170.3, 64.8], [164.1, 71.6], [169.5, 52.8],
  [163.2, 59.8], [154.5, 49.0], [159.8, 50.0], [173.2, 69.2], [170.0, 55.9],
  [161.4, 63.4], [169.0, 58.2], [166.2, 58.6], [159.4, 45.7], [162.5, 52.2],
  [159.0, 48.6], [162.8, 57.8], [159.0, 55.6], [179.8, 66.8], [162.9, 59.4],
  [161.0, 53.6], [151.1, 73.2], [168.2, 53.4], [168.9, 69.0], [173.2, 58.4],
  [171.8, 56.2], [178.0, 70.6], [164.3, 59.8], [163.0, 72.0], [168.5, 65.2],
  [166.8, 56.6], [172.7, 105.2], [163.5, 51.8], [169.4, 63.4], [167.8, 59.0],
  [159.5, 47.6], [167.6, 63.0], [161.2, 55.2], [160.0, 45.0], [163.2, 54.0],
  [162.2, 50.2], [161.3, 60.2], [149.5, 44.8], [157.5, 58.8], [163.2, 56.4],
  [172.7, 62.0], [155.0, 49.2], [156.5, 67.2], [164.0, 53.8], [160.9, 54.4],
  [162.8, 58.0], [167.0, 59.8], [160.0, 54.8], [160.0, 43.2], [168.9, 60.5],
  [158.2, 46.4], [156.0, 64.4], [160.0, 48.8], [167.1, 62.2], [158.0, 55.5],
  [167.6, 57.8], [156.0, 54.6], [162.1, 59.2], [173.4, 52.7], [159.8, 53.2],
  [170.5, 64.5], [159.2, 51.8], [157.5, 56.0], [161.3, 63.6], [162.6, 63.2],
  [160.0, 59.5], [168.9, 56.8], [165.1, 64.1], [162.6, 50.0], [165.1, 72.3],
  [166.4, 55.0], [160.0, 55.9], [152.4, 60.4], [170.2, 69.1], [162.6, 84.5],
  [170.2, 55.9], [158.8, 55.5], [172.7, 69.5], [167.6, 76.4], [162.6, 61.4],
  [167.6, 65.9], [156.2, 58.6], [175.2, 66.8], [172.1, 56.6], [162.6, 58.6],
  [160.0, 55.9], [165.1, 59.1], [182.9, 81.8], [166.4, 70.7], [165.1, 56.8],
  [177.8, 60.0], [165.1, 58.2], [175.3, 72.7], [154.9, 54.1], [158.8, 49.1],
  [172.7, 75.9], [168.9, 55.0], [161.3, 57.3], [167.6, 55.0], [165.1, 65.5],
  [175.3, 65.5], [157.5, 48.6], [163.8, 58.6], [167.6, 63.6], [165.1, 55.2],
  [165.1, 62.7], [168.9, 56.6], [162.6, 53.9], [164.5, 63.2], [176.5, 73.6],
  [168.9, 62.0], [175.3, 63.6], [159.4, 53.2], [160.0, 53.4], [170.2, 55.0],
  [162.6, 70.5], [167.6, 54.5], [162.6, 54.5], [160.7, 55.9], [160.0, 59.0],
  [157.5, 63.6], [162.6, 54.5], [152.4, 47.3], [170.2, 67.7], [165.1, 80.9],
  [172.7, 70.5], [165.1, 60.9], [170.2, 63.6], [170.2, 54.5], [170.2, 59.1],
  [161.3, 70.5], [167.6, 52.7], [167.6, 62.7], [165.1, 86.3], [162.6, 66.4],
  [152.4, 67.3], [168.9, 63.0], [170.2, 73.6], [175.2, 62.3], [175.2, 57.7],
  [160.0, 55.4], [165.1, 104.1], [174.0, 55.5], [170.2, 77.3], [160.0, 80.5],
  [167.6, 64.5], [167.6, 72.3], [167.6, 61.4], [154.9, 58.2], [162.6, 81.8],
  [175.3, 63.6], [171.4, 53.4], [157.5, 54.5], [165.1, 53.6], [160.0, 60.0],
  [174.0, 73.6], [162.6, 61.4], [174.0, 55.5], [162.6, 63.6], [161.3, 60.9],
  [156.2, 60.0], [149.9, 46.8], [169.5, 57.3], [160.0, 64.1], [175.3, 63.6],
  [169.5, 67.3], [160.0, 75.5], [172.7, 68.2], [162.6, 61.4], [157.5, 76.8],
  [176.5, 71.8], [164.4, 55.5], [160.7, 48.6], [174.0, 66.4], [163.8, 67.3]
 ];
// 创建x轴的比例尺
var xScale = d3.scale.linear()
 .domain([140, 190])
 .range([0, width - padding.left - padding.right]);
// 创建y轴的比例尺
var yScale = d3.scale.linear()
 .domain([40, 120])
 .range([height - padding.top - padding.bottom, 0]);
// 创建x轴
var xAxis = d3.svg.axis()
 .scale(xScale)
 .orient('bottom');
// 创建y轴
var yAxis = d3.svg.axis()
 .scale(yScale)
 .orient('left');
// 把x轴应用到对应的SVG元素上
main.append('g')
 .attr('class', 'axis')
 .attr('transform', 'translate(0,' + (height - padding.top - padding.bottom) + ')')
 .call(xAxis);
// 把y轴应用到对应的SVG元素上
main.append('g')
 .attr('class', 'axis')
 .call(yAxis);

同折线图的坐标轴的实现是相同的,先用d3.scale.linear()创建比例尺,再用d3.svg.axis()创建坐标轴并且设置对应的比例尺,最后添加SVG元素并“绑定”坐标轴到其上,就可以看到完成以后的坐标轴。注意这里需要对移动SVG元素,使它们在视觉上组装成一个坐标系(但实际上它们在位置上是零散的,并没有很强的关系)。

散点的实现

在图表中一般点都是通过画圆来实现的,当圆的半径足够小的时候,它就是点。

// 添加散点
main.selectAll('.point')
 .data(dataset)
 .enter()
 .append('circle')
 .attr('class', 'point')
 .attr('cx', function(d) {
  return xScale(d[0]);
 })
 .attr('cy', function(d) {
  return yScale(d[1]);
 })
 .attr('r', 5);

与折线图添加点的方式是一样的。在main元素中选择到所有的圆先“占位”(因为此时选择到的是一个空的集合,只是这个集合代表main中所有的圆),然后绑定dataset到此集合上,通过enter()和append()搭配使用添加新的circle元素直到集合元素个数与dataset子元素个数相同为止。用比例尺计算出各圆的坐标并对其相关属性进行赋值,就完成了点的添加。因为散点图的点有点多,为了图表更加美观,给圆设置一下样式。

.point {
 fill: #2ec7c9;
 fill-opacity: 0.5;
}

最后,散点图长这样。

气泡图

坐标轴的实现

因为只有模拟的数据结构不同,实现原理都是类似的,这里就不再赘述,直接上代码。

// 模拟数据
var dataset = [
 { x: 69, y: 45, weight: 5 },{ x: 30, y: 37, weight: 10 },
 { x: 43, y: 10, weight: 23 },{ x: 54, y: 48, weight: 41 },
 { x: 18, y: 18, weight: 41 },{ x: 88, y: 21, weight: 32 },
 { x: 45, y: 48, weight: 12 },{ x: 14, y: 32, weight: 9 },
 { x: 78, y: 18, weight: 16 },{ x: 13, y: 45, weight: 32 }
];
// 添加x轴和y轴
var xScale = d3.scale.linear()
 .domain([0, 100])
 .range([0, width - padding.left - padding.right]);
var yScale = d3.scale.linear()
 .domain([0, 50])
 .range([height - padding.top - padding.bottom, 0]);
var xAxis = d3.svg.axis()
 .scale(xScale)
 .orient('bottom');
var yAxis = d3.svg.axis()
 .scale(yScale)
 .orient('left'); 

气泡的实现

// 添加气泡
main.selectAll('.bubble')
 .data(dataset)
 .enter()
 .append('circle')
 .attr('class', 'bubble')
 .attr('cx', function(d) {
  return xScale(d.x);
 })
 .attr('cy', function(d) {
  return yScale(d.y);
 })
 .attr('r', function(d) {
  return d.weight;
 });

最后的气泡图是长这样的。

总结

以上就是利用D3.js实现散点图和气泡图的全部内容,希望这篇文章对大家的学习和工作能有所帮助。小编还会陆续更新关于D3.js的文章,请大家继续关注呐喊教程,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流。