私有构造函数
私有构造函数是一种特殊的实例构造函数。它通常用在只包含静态成员的类中。如果类具有一个或多个私有构造函数而没有公共构造函数,则其他类(除嵌套类外)无法创建该类的实例。例如:
class NLog { // Private Constructor: private NLog() { } public static double e = Math.E; //2.71828... }
声明空构造函数可阻止自动生成默认构造函数。注意,如果您不对构造函数使用访问修饰符,则在默认情况下它仍为私有构造函数。但是,通常显式地使用 private 修饰符来清楚地表明该类不能被实例化。
当没有实例字段或实例方法(如 Math 类)时或者当调用方法以获得类的实例时,私有构造函数可用于阻止创建类的实例。如果类中的所有方法都是静态的,可考虑使整个类成为静态的。
下面是使用私有构造函数的类的示例。
public class Counter { private Counter() { } public static int currentCount; public static int IncrementCount() { return ++currentCount; } } class TestCounter { static void Main() { // If you uncomment the following statement, it will generate // an error because the constructor is inaccessible: // Counter aCounter = new Counter(); // Error Counter.currentCount = 100; Counter.IncrementCount(); Console.WriteLine("New count: {0}", Counter.currentCount); // Keep the console window open in debug mode. Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit."); Console.ReadKey(); } }
输出:
New count: 101
注意,如果您取消注释该示例中的以下语句,它将生成一个错误,因为该构造函数受其保护级别的限制而不可访问:
// Counter aCounter = new Counter(); // Error
静态构造函数
静态构造函数用于初始化任何静态数据,或用于执行仅需执行一次的特定操作。在创建第一个实例或引用任何静态成员之前,将自动调用静态构造函数。
class SimpleClass { // Static variable that must be initialized at run time. static readonly long baseline; // Static constructor is called at most one time, before any // instance constructor is invoked or member is accessed. static SimpleClass() { baseline = DateTime.Now.Ticks; } }
静态构造函数具有以下特点:
静态构造函数的典型用途是:当类使用日志文件时,将使用这种构造函数向日志文件中写入项。
静态构造函数在为非托管代码创建包装类时也很有用,此时该构造函数可以调用 LoadLibrary 方法。
如果静态构造函数引发异常,运行时将不会再次调用该构造函数,并且在程序运行所在的应用程序域的生存期内,类型将保持未初始化。
在此示例中,类 Bus 有一个静态构造函数。创建 Bus 的第一个实例(bus1)时,将调用该静态构造函数来初始化该类。输出示例验证了即使创建 Bus 的两个实例,该静态构造函数也仅运行一次,并且在实例构造函数运行之前运行。
public class Bus { // Static variable used by all Bus instances. // Represents the time the first bus of the day starts its route. protected static readonly DateTime globalStartTime; // Property for the number of each bus. protected int RouteNumber { get; set; } // Static constructor to initialize the static variable. // It is invoked before the first instance constructor is run. static Bus() { globalStartTime = DateTime.Now; // The following statement produces the first line of output, // and the line occurs only once. Console.WriteLine("Static constructor sets global start time to {0}", globalStartTime.ToLongTimeString()); } // Instance constructor. public Bus(int routeNum) { RouteNumber = routeNum; Console.WriteLine("Bus #{0} is created.", RouteNumber); } // Instance method. public void Drive() { TimeSpan elapsedTime = DateTime.Now - globalStartTime; // For demonstration purposes we treat milliseconds as minutes to simulate // actual bus times. Do not do this in your actual bus schedule program! Console.WriteLine("{0} is starting its route {1:N2} minutes after global start time {2}.", this.RouteNumber, elapsedTime.TotalMilliseconds, globalStartTime.ToShortTimeString()); } } class TestBus { static void Main() { // The creation of this instance activates the static constructor. Bus bus1 = new Bus(71); // Create a second bus. Bus bus2 = new Bus(72); // Send bus1 on its way. bus1.Drive(); // Wait for bus2 to warm up. System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(25); // Send bus2 on its way. bus2.Drive(); // Keep the console window open in debug mode. System.Console.WriteLine("Press any key to exit."); System.Console.ReadKey(); } }
输出:
Static constructor sets global start time to 3:57:08 PM. Bus #71 is created. Bus #72 is created. 71 is starting its route 6.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM. 72 is starting its route 31.00 minutes after global start time 3:57 PM.