借助Dualmonoid,任何折叠都可以沿相反的方向进行,后者会翻转现有的monoid,从而使聚合向后进行。
newtype Dual a = Dual { getDual :: a } instance Monoid m => Monoid (Dual m) where mempty = Dual mempty (Dual x) `mappend` (Dual y) = Dual (y `mappend` x)
当foldMap呼叫的基本单边形被翻转时Dual,折线向后运行;在Reverse中定义了以下类型Data.Functor.Reverse:
newtype Reverse t a = Reverse { getReverse :: t a } instance Foldable t => Foldable (Reverse t) where foldMap f = getDual . foldMap (Dual . f) . getReverse
我们可以使用这种机制reverse为列表写一个简洁的代码:
reverse :: [a] -> [a] reverse = toList . Reverse